Urbanisation – The movement of the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas, rather than rural areas Urban Sprawl – The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside Grown rapidly from 746 million in 1950 to 3.9 billion in 2014 Fastest growing areas are in Africa and Asia (top 3 countries: India, China and Nigeria) Tokyo has the largest population of 38 … Continue reading Patterns of Urbanisation since 1945
Context 82.7km long Source in the hills of Exmoor Runs south to coast of Devon Physical Upper Catchment is 60km² Highest Elevation is 514m on Exmoor Lowest Elevation is 26m Total descent in upper catchment is 488m Geology 84.4% underlain by impermeable rock (quick run-off and through flow) Land Use Agricultral grassland (67%) Woodland (15%) Moors and peat bogs (3%) -> high store for water … Continue reading Case Study: River Exe
Why do people put themselves at risk? Hazards events are unpredictable It is hard or impossible to predict factors about the hazards Lack of alternatives Due to social, political, economic and cultural factors people cannot always have the capabilities to move Changing levels of risk Areas can have their area change risk. For example, deforestation can result in more flooding. Cost/Benefit Some hazardous areas that … Continue reading Risk, Vulnerability, Management and Response
Context 17 January 1995 Magnitude 6.8 Cost: $100 billion (2.5% of Japans GDP) 6000 killed 35000 injured Nearly 250,000 made homeless Only 3% of city buildings insured Risk and Vulnerability Kobe had not experienced a serious earthquake in the last 400 years The Japanese felt they had reacted well to the disaster. There were many traditional houses in the city which had heavy tiles on … Continue reading Case Study: Kobe Earthquake, Japan 1995
Nature and distribution Focus – The point where the stress is released within the crust Epicentre – The point immediately above the focus Shallow Focus (0 – 70km deep): These tend to cause the greatest damage and account and for 75% of earthquake energy released. Imtermediate Focus (70 – 300km deep) Deep Focus (300 – 700km) A large amount of seismic activity occurs along plate … Continue reading Seismic Hazards
Orographical/Relief Rainfall Where the physical landscapes pushes the air up until it condenses to form clouds and precipitates. Prevailing winds from the sea blow towards land The topography of the land means the air is pushed upwards The vapour then condenses due to the cooler temperatures and forms clouds The clouds precipitate. The air on the other side of the hill/peaked land is dry and … Continue reading Types Of Rainfall
Context One of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded. Originated from an area of low pressure in the Federated States of Micronesia (western Pacific Ocean) on 2nd November. Tracking westward it gradually developed into a tropical storm by 4th November By 6th November it was assessed as Category 5 with wind speeds over 250 km/hr. Struck land on 7th November, wind speeds reaching 315km/hr Tacloban … Continue reading Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan
ContentsAtmospheric PollutionWater PollutionDerelictionMini Case Study: Yamuna, India’s most polluted river Atmospheric Pollution Generally higher in LICs Causes Gridlocked traffic Poorly maintained cars Increasing urbanisation Increasing population Concentrated energy use Weather: Wet and windy: Low pollution concentration Still and hot: Build up of pollution Effects Smog -> Health issues -> loss of employees -> loss of business Environmentally damaging fumes Corroded buildings Spending on dealing with … Continue reading Other Contemporary Urban Environment Issues
Context Amsterdam is situated in the Netherlands, a low lying country. The city is famous for its culture, which includes cycling, Anne Frank’s House and The Van Gogh Museum. In the late 20th century the amount of spare land has reduced significantly which has forced the government to find ways to reduce their reliance on landfill. The approach to waste Avoid creating waste in the … Continue reading Landfill vs Incineration in Amsterdam
Context Located in South Seoul in South Korea, Cheonggyecheon has a population of over 10 million people. It is one of the most densely populated cities in South Korea with over 17,000 per square kilometre. The Cheonggyecheon river stream became overcrowded and blighted by traffic. Dredging of the stream started in 1918, due to its sanitation and flood risk. WW2 and the Korean War halted … Continue reading The Cheonggyecheon River Project
Jack Williams Geography 