Urbanisation – The movement of the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas, rather than rural areas Urban Sprawl – The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside Grown rapidly from 746 million in 1950 to 3.9 billion in 2014 Fastest growing areas are in Africa and Asia (top 3 countries: India, China and Nigeria) Tokyo has the largest population of 38 … Continue reading Patterns of Urbanisation since 1945
Context 82.7km long Source in the hills of Exmoor Runs south to coast of Devon Physical Upper Catchment is 60km² Highest Elevation is 514m on Exmoor Lowest Elevation is 26m Total descent in upper catchment is 488m Geology 84.4% underlain by impermeable rock (quick run-off and through flow) Land Use Agricultral grassland (67%) Woodland (15%) Moors and peat bogs (3%) -> high store for water … Continue reading Case Study: River Exe
Climate Change is a major issue in 21st century geography. The Earth’s climate is changing, with recent decades having a pattern of accelerated warming of average global temperatures. Natural Impacts Human Impacts – Change in solar activity – Meteorites – Volcanic Activity – Plate Movement – Variations in Earth’s tilt (affects amount of solar radiation reaching the surface) – Changes in oceanic circulation – Changes … Continue reading Climate Change Impacts
Why do people put themselves at risk? Hazards events are unpredictable It is hard or impossible to predict factors about the hazards Lack of alternatives Due to social, political, economic and cultural factors people cannot always have the capabilities to move Changing levels of risk Areas can have their area change risk. For example, deforestation can result in more flooding. Cost/Benefit Some hazardous areas that … Continue reading Risk, Vulnerability, Management and Response
Prediction and Protection Study of fault lines The release of gas Very hard to predict earthquakes so focus is on protection In the USA they have implemented the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that has the following objectives: Promote understanding of earthquakes and their effects To work to better identify earthquake risk Improve earthquake-resistant designs and construction techniques encourage the use of earthquake-safe policies and … Continue reading Earthquakes and Tsunami
Context 17 January 1995 Magnitude 6.8 Cost: $100 billion (2.5% of Japans GDP) 6000 killed 35000 injured Nearly 250,000 made homeless Only 3% of city buildings insured Risk and Vulnerability Kobe had not experienced a serious earthquake in the last 400 years The Japanese felt they had reacted well to the disaster. There were many traditional houses in the city which had heavy tiles on … Continue reading Case Study: Kobe Earthquake, Japan 1995
Nature and distribution Focus – The point where the stress is released within the crust Epicentre – The point immediately above the focus Shallow Focus (0 – 70km deep): These tend to cause the greatest damage and account and for 75% of earthquake energy released. Imtermediate Focus (70 – 300km deep) Deep Focus (300 – 700km) A large amount of seismic activity occurs along plate … Continue reading Seismic Hazards
Orographical/Relief Rainfall Where the physical landscapes pushes the air up until it condenses to form clouds and precipitates. Prevailing winds from the sea blow towards land The topography of the land means the air is pushed upwards The vapour then condenses due to the cooler temperatures and forms clouds The clouds precipitate. The air on the other side of the hill/peaked land is dry and … Continue reading Types Of Rainfall
Context Located on the western coast of India Capital city of the Indian state, Maharashtra Largest city in India and 4th largest city in the world Population: 18.41 million Commercial capital of India Mumbai is home to the world’s most prolific film industry (Bollywood). There has been a rapid population growth, doubling since 1991 (population was at 9 million) Earthquakes up to a magnitude of … Continue reading Place Study: Mumbai
Context One of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded. Originated from an area of low pressure in the Federated States of Micronesia (western Pacific Ocean) on 2nd November. Tracking westward it gradually developed into a tropical storm by 4th November By 6th November it was assessed as Category 5 with wind speeds over 250 km/hr. Struck land on 7th November, wind speeds reaching 315km/hr Tacloban … Continue reading Case Study: Typhoon Haiyan
Jack Williams Geography 